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从绿色照明潮流探讨照明工程省能新方向 续

¼ˆ2) 能源政策缺乏奖励开发节能照明产品设计的诱因,省电产品如电子安定器的推广缺乏配套设计与宣传。除了业界的推广宣传外,政府节约能源政策应考虑节能产品补贴或明令淘汰高耗能产品,美国2002年后的全面推广室内使用电子安定器即是最佳的范例。

  (3) 照明相关主要零组件如电子安定器、灯管;成品如灯具等,需要强制的标准规范及完整的检验,并透过公平的罚则来建立公平的市场秩序与经营环境;否则劣制驱逐良制将造成竞争环境荡然无存,对终端消费者不公平,也不利于整体能源政策。

  (4) 优良照明灯具及光源应建立节约能源标章与环保标章认证制度,并于公共工程优先使用及推荐于消费者,将可激励照明科技研发,且符合全球节约能源与环保潮流趋势。

  (5) 政府采购法的利弊参半,优良产品缺乏公平竞争环境与条件,更加不利于优良厂家的经营,造成公共工程品质的低落。因此公共工程更应借重照明业界的意见或建议,以免如台北市快速道路眩光与隧道黑洞效应影响驾驶人行车安全的危险环境。

  4 照明工程改善策略与方向

  4.1重新设计符合高照明品质的生活空间

  照明设计的原则,应首重在不损失照明品质之下,才将照明之耗电量降至最低,以达节约能源之目的。因此一般订定合理的照度需求下,再比较照明设备的用电量,而以单位面积之用电密度来评估照明设计的号能基准,较为简易可行。若将办公场所内照明器具之总能耗电量(W)除以空间面积(m2),可得单位面积照明用电密度(unit lighting power density,简称UPD)。利用用电密度来做为照明能源消耗的评估准则,可以了解室内照明耗电量是否合理。

  被照面的照度越高,则越容易辨识环境与帮助阅读。依照工作需求所需的最低照度可参照台湾标准(CNS12112)或国际的照度基准,但依据欧美及日本相关照明学会的研究心得与建议,读书写字最舒适的照度为1000- 2000lux;如果难以达到此最舒适照度,则要长时间维持眼睛不疲劳的最低要求应有500lux以上,参3。因此办公大楼的大面积公共场所室内照明应以500lux的基准来设计,以减少个别台灯的使用。若依长时间阅读写字视力作业照度需求,则一般办公场所、学校教室的照度应维持在500lux以上,而用电密度UPD则应低于20W/m2,才符合具有优良照明品质、又节约能源的绿色照明目标。

  但事实上新建办公场所之设计目标可能达到此500lux要求,多年来台湾照明学会努力宣传教室照明要求达到500lux,但即使是教育部门在2000年3月所颁布的教室照明也只规定不低于350lux,一般旧有建筑约只有300lux左右,事实上均难称高照明品质的环境。城乡差距又大,都会地区、中央单位或许可以达到此目标,地方单位则远远不及。

  在一些精细作业及特别需要使用眼力的场所,可采用一般照明加局部照明方式,例如:设计室、制图室……等,必须要有较高之照度(1,500lux)者,可将办公室基本照明设计改为500~750lux,并使用台灯辅强工作桌照度至1,500lux。

  依照先进国家的经验,以20岁作基准所需的500lux,年龄每增加20岁,照度需求应再加强20%,而达到600~750lux;因此个人办公室内则可约略降低室内照度基准至300lux,但以桌上型台灯来辅强阅读与写字照明,通常以目前的18~27W的省电荧光灯管台灯,距离桌面40公分的高度所投射桌面的照度约在1200lux上下,可减少大面积的照明用电,却产生最舒适的阅读照明环境。

  ( c¼–e¾‘我¼šæž—毅lylwj@lightingchina。 com 中国照明网)

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